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Functional MRI (fMRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that measures and maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. It relies on the principle that neural activity in specific brain regions requires increased oxygenated blood, which alters the magnetic properties of the blood and can be detected by the MRI scanner. fMRI is widely used in research and clinical settings to study brain function, understand neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes, and identify brain regions involved in specific tasks. The technique is particularly useful for pre-surgical planning, where it helps map critical areas of the brain, such as those responsible for language and motor functions, to avoid damaging them during surgery. The cause of the signals detected in fMRI is the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast, which arises due to differences in the magnetic properties of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. While fMRI is generally safe, some complications can occur, such as discomfort from lying still for extended periods, claustrophobia due to the confined space of the MRI scanner, and potential issues for individuals with metal implants or devices that may be affected by the strong magnetic fields. Additionally, fMRI can be sensitive to motion artifacts, which can lead to inaccurate data if the patient moves during the scan. Despite these challenges, fMRI remains a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of brain function and aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.