Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a specialized procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts, pancreatic duct, and gallbladder. During ERCP, a flexible tube called an endoscope is inserted through the mouth, down the throat, and into the small intestine. A contrast dye is then injected through a catheter into the bile and pancreatic ducts, allowing X-rays to provide detailed images of these structures. ERCP is often used to identify the cause of jaundice, pancreatitis, unexplained abdominal pain, or abnormal liver function tests. It can also treat conditions like bile duct stones, strictures, or tumors by removing stones, placing stents, or performing biopsies.
While ERCP is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool, it carries several potential complications. One of the most common complications is pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas that can range from mild to severe and requires hospitalization. Other risks include infections of the bile ducts or pancreas, bleeding, especially if a sphincterotomy (cutting of the muscle to allow stone removal) is performed, and perforation of the digestive tract, which can lead to peritonitis. There is also a risk of adverse reactions to the sedatives used during the procedure. Rarely, an air embolism can occur if air enters the bloodstream. Given these risks, ERCP is generally reserved for cases where its benefits outweigh the potential complications, and it is performed by highly trained specialists to minimize these risks and ensure patient safety.
