Urinary retention is a condition characterized by the inability to fully empty the bladder, leading to discomfort and the need for frequent urination. It can be acute, with a sudden and painful inability to urinate, or chronic, where the problem develops gradually over time. Acute urinary retention is often a medical emergency and can cause severe pain and bladder distension. Common causes of acute urinary retention include urinary tract obstructions, such as kidney stones or an enlarged prostate in men, which block the flow of urine. It can also result from an infection, trauma, or side effects of certain medications, particularly those with anticholinergic properties. Chronic urinary retention, on the other hand, may result from long-standing conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders like spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis that affect the nerves controlling the bladder. Treatment for urinary retention depends on its cause and severity. In acute cases, immediate intervention may involve catheterization to relieve bladder pressure and remove urine. Treatment then focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as removing an obstruction or treating an infection. For chronic urinary retention, management may include medications to reduce prostate size in cases of BPH, or drugs that improve bladder function. Behavioral therapies, such as bladder training and timed voiding, can also be effective. In cases where conservative treatments fail, surgical interventions may be necessary to remove obstructions or correct anatomical issues. It is crucial to diagnose the specific cause of urinary retention accurately to develop an effective treatment plan and prevent complications such as urinary tract infections, bladder damage, or kidney impairment. Consulting a healthcare provider is essential for appropriate diagnosis and management.
