Toothache refers to pain or discomfort in or around a tooth, which can vary from a dull, persistent ache to severe, sharp pain. This discomfort may be localized to a specific tooth or spread to other areas of the mouth, face, or head. The pain can be constant or intermittent and often worsens with certain activities such as chewing or exposure to hot or cold temperatures. The causes of toothache are varied and typically include dental and non-dental factors. Common dental causes include tooth decay, or cavities, which occur when bacteria produce acids that erode the tooth enamel, leading to pain if the decay reaches the tooth's pulp. Gum disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis, can also cause toothache due to inflammation and infection of the gums, which may lead to gum recession and tooth sensitivity. A tooth abscess, a localized collection of pus due to bacterial infection, can cause severe pain and swelling. Cracked or fractured teeth can expose sensitive nerve endings, leading to discomfort, particularly when biting down or exposed to temperature changes. Dental trauma from impact or injury can also result in pain and potential damage to the tooth. Non-dental causes of toothache include sinus infections, which can cause referred pain to the upper teeth due to the proximity of the sinus cavities to the tooth roots. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, which affect the jaw joint, and bruxism, or teeth grinding, can also lead to pain that may be perceived as coming from the teeth.
Diagnosis of toothache usually involves a dental examination and possibly X-rays to identify the cause. Treatment depends on the underlying issue and may involve procedures such as fillings, root canals, or extractions for dental problems. Non-dental causes might be managed by addressing the underlying condition or through symptom relief strategies. Over-the-counter pain relievers and cold compresses can offer temporary relief, but professional dental care is essential for a thorough diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent further complications.
