A swollen lymph node, also known as lymphadenopathy, occurs when lymph nodes become enlarged due to various underlying causes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures part of the lymphatic system, which plays a key role in the body's immune response. They filter lymph fluid and help fight infections by trapping pathogens and producing immune cells. When lymph nodes swell, it often indicates that they are responding to an infection, inflammation, or other issues in the body. The causes of swollen lymph nodes are diverse. Infections are the most common cause, including viral infections such as the common cold, influenza, or mononucleosis, and bacterial infections like strep throat or tuberculosis. Infections may cause lymph nodes to become tender, swollen, and sometimes warm to the touch. Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, can also lead to swollen lymph nodes as part of a broader inflammatory response. More serious causes include malignancies, such as lymphomas or leukemias, which can cause significant and persistent lymph node enlargement. Metastatic cancer, where cancer cells spread from other parts of the body, may also present with swollen lymph nodes. In some cases, lymph nodes may swell due to benign conditions or reactions to medications. Symptoms associated with swollen lymph nodes include palpable lumps under the skin, tenderness, and sometimes redness or warmth over the affected area. Swollen lymph nodes may be accompanied by other symptoms depending on the underlying cause, such as fever, sore throat, or unexplained weight loss. Treatment for swollen lymph nodes depends on the underlying cause. For infections, antibiotics or antiviral medications may be prescribed if a specific pathogen is identified. In cases of inflammatory conditions, treatment may involve medications to control inflammation, such as corticosteroids. If a malignancy is the cause, further evaluation and treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery, may be necessary. For benign or idiopathic cases, monitoring and supportive care, including pain relief and rest, are often sufficient. Persistent or unexplained lymphadenopathy warrants a medical evaluation to determine the cause and appropriate management.
