Stiffness of the shoulder, also known as frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis, is characterized by pain and a restricted range of motion in the shoulder joint. This condition develops gradually and can significantly impair daily activities, making it difficult to perform tasks like reaching overhead, dressing, or lifting objects. Shoulder stiffness often occurs when the connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint, called the shoulder capsule, thickens and tightens, restricting movement. Common causes include prolonged immobilization after injury or surgery, as well as conditions like diabetes, thyroid disorders, and heart disease, which increase the risk of developing frozen shoulder. It can also result from inflammation, rotator cuff injuries, or arthritis. The condition typically progresses through three stages: the freezing stage, where pain gradually increases and movement becomes more restricted; the frozen stage, characterized by reduced pain but significant stiffness; and the thawing stage, where shoulder mobility slowly improves. Treatment for shoulder stiffness aims to relieve pain and restore movement. Non-surgical options include physical therapy to gently stretch and strengthen the shoulder, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain management, and corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation. In some cases, doctors may recommend manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopic surgery to release the tightened capsule if conservative treatments fail. Early intervention and consistent physical therapy are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing long-term disability. Consulting a healthcare professional is important for an accurate diagnosis and to develop an effective treatment plan tailored to the individual's needs.
