Obstruction by stones, commonly known as a blockage caused by calculi, occurs when stones form in organs like the kidneys, gallbladder, or urinary tract and obstruct the normal flow of bodily fluids. These stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that crystallize and clump together. Kidney stones can block the ureters, tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, while gallstones can block the bile ducts, causing intense pain and potential organ damage. The causes of stone formation include dehydration, which concentrates minerals in the urine, certain dietary factors, genetics, and conditions like hyperparathyroidism or obesity that affect mineral metabolism. High intake of oxalate-rich foods, high sodium diets, and insufficient water consumption are also common contributors. Symptoms of obstruction by stones often include severe pain in the back, side, or lower abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever, and difficulty urinating or passing dark or pink-tinged urine.
Treatment for stone obstruction depends on the stone's size, location, and the severity of the blockage. Small stones may pass naturally with increased fluid intake and pain management using medications like NSAIDs or alpha-blockers, which help relax the muscles in the ureter. Larger stones may require more invasive procedures, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to break up the stones, ureteroscopy to remove or fragment them, or surgical removal in severe cases. Preventive measures include staying hydrated, adjusting diet, and medications to manage the underlying causes of stone formation. Consulting a healthcare professional is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and tailored treatment.
