Hyperlipidaemia, also known as hyperlipidemia, is a condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides. This condition increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes, as high levels of lipids can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, known as atherosclerosis. Hyperlipidaemia can be classified into primary and secondary types. Primary hyperlipidaemia is often hereditary and results from genetic mutations affecting lipid metabolism, such as familial hypercholesterolemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia. Secondary hyperlipidaemia occurs due to other underlying conditions or lifestyle factors, including diabetes, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption. Certain medications, such as steroids or beta-blockers, can also contribute to elevated lipid levels.
Treatment for hyperlipidaemia focuses on reducing lipid levels and mitigating the associated cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle modifications are often the first line of treatment and include adopting a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol, along with increasing physical activity. Weight management is also crucial, as obesity can exacerbate lipid imbalances. Medications may be prescribed to lower lipid levels if lifestyle changes are insufficient. Common medications include statins, which reduce cholesterol levels by inhibiting its production in the liver, and fibrates or niacin, which can lower triglycerides. In some cases, newer medications such as PCSK9 inhibitors may be recommended for patients with genetic forms of hyperlipidaemia or those who do not respond to traditional treatments. Regular monitoring of lipid levels and ongoing evaluation by a healthcare provider are essential to ensure effective management and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications.
